For as long as there has been a 'development project' there have been critical perspectives on international development. These perspectives critically examine the exclusionary and discriminatory outcomes in development on the basis of gender and sexuality; ethnicity and nationality; and social hierarchies such as 'race' and caste. There been a number of interventions to address the exclusionary effects of development, such as the incorporation of gender-aware approaches in the 1980s through to the more recent 'rights-based' approaches. This subject encourages students to develop an orientation that is self-critical and committed to building socially just and inclusive development processes and practices.

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