With environmental issues, such as climate change, looming large, there has been considerable scholarly and public attention focused on the ecological implications of capitalist production, economic development, and consumerist lifestyle in the 'Western' world as well as what has been variously referred to as the 'developing world' or 'Third World'. To resolve these issues, several multilateral agencies have advocated and promoted environmentally friendly policies such as 'sustainable development' and more recently, a range of carbon emission reduction strategies. Since the mid-1980s, sustainable development has become an agenda pursued by many, if not all, nations in the world.

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