In this subject students investigate civil wars motivated by ideological differences within a single culture or by identity conflicts over ethnicity, race, and religion within a multiethnic polity. We explore similarities and differences in the experiences of Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus with nation-building, social revolution, modernization, civil war, and reconciliation in the twentieth century. The response of the International community to civil conflict and ethnic tensions in these countries is examined together with the ways in which outside intervention has shaped the length and internal dynamics of the conflicts. We conclude with an assessment of the prospect for a lasting peace in Cyprus and of the challenges of justice, reconciliation, and economic reconstruction.

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