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Molecular Virology: Tables of
Antimicrobial Factors and Microbial Contaminants in Human Milk
Table 2: Antiviral factors found in human
milk
"A variety of distinct
antiviral factors were found in human colostrum and milk'"
- Sabin and Fieldsteel (1962)
Pediatrics 29: 105.
| Factor |
Shown in vitro to be active against |
| Secretory IgA |
Polio types, 1,2,3*. Coxsackie types A9, B3, B5, echo types 6,9, Semliki Forest virus, Ross River virus, rotavirus*, cytomegalovirus, reovirus type 3, rubella varicella-zoster virus, rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus, mumps virus, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus,
hepatitis E, measles, sin nombre hantavirus, SARS virus, Norwark and
noroviruses. |
| IgE |
Parvovirus B19 |
| IgG |
Rubella, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus. rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, sin nombre
hantavirus, West Nile virus. |
| IgM |
Rubella, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, sin nombre
hantavirus, West Nile virus. |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum** |
Rotavirus (by increasing mucin) |
| Chondroitin sulphate (-like) |
Human immunodeficiency virus |
| α defensins (1-3) |
Herpes simplex virus, vesticular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza, human immunodefiency
virus |
ß-defensin 1 or
α-defensin-5 |
Adenovirus |
| Haemagglutinin inhibitors |
Influenza, mumps. |
| Lactadherin (mucin-associated glycoprotein) |
Rotavirus* |
| Histo-blood group carbohydrates |
Norwalk virus |
| Lactoferrin |
Cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase,
respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex
virus type 2, hepatitis C,
hepatitis B, poliovirus type 1, adenovirus 2 and Friend retrovirus. Also binds to the
virus receptors, low density lipoprotein receptor, and heparin sulphate
proteoglycans. Hepatitis G***,
rotavirus***
and Seoul hantavirus*** |
| Lipid (unsaturated fatty acids and monoglycerides) |
Herpes simplex virus, Semliki Forest virus, influenza, dengue, Ross River virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, sindbis, West Nile, Sendai, Newcastle disease virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Junin virus, vesticular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps, measles, rubella, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, coronavirus, bovine enterovirus (C12), poliovirus
(C18), African swine fever virus. |
| Lysozyme |
Human immunodeficiency virus, ectromelia |
| alpha2-macroglobulin (like) |
Influenza haemagglutinin, parainfluenza haemagglutinin. |
| Milk cells |
Induced gamma-interferon: virus, PHA, or PMA and ionomycin
Induced cytokine: herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus.
Lymphocyte stimulation: rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, measles, mumps,
respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus. |
| Mucin (muc-1; milk fat globulin membrane) |
Human immunodeficiency virus, pox virus |
| Non-immunoglobulin macromolecules |
Herpes simplex virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Coxsackie B4, Semliki Forest virus, reovirus 3, poliotype 2, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus*. |
| Neutrophil-derived α-defensin-1 (HNP-1) |
Herpes simplex virus 1 |
| Ribonuclease |
Murine leukaemia, human immunodeficiency virus |
| Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor |
Human immunodeficiency virus, sendai, influenza |
| Sialic acid-glycoproteins |
Adenovirus 37 |
| slgA + trypsin inhibitor |
Rotavirus |
| Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) |
Rhinoviruses (major-group) 3, 14, 54; Coxsackie A13 |
| Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) |
Encephalomyocarditis virus |
| Sulphatide (sulphogalactosylceramide) |
Human immunodeficiency virus |
| Vitamin A |
Herpes simplex virus 2, simian virus 40, cytomegalovirus |
| Factors found at very low
levels in human milk |
Shown in vitro to be active
against |
| Prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha |
Parainfluenza 3, measles |
| Prostaglandins E1 |
Poliovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, measles |
| Gangliosides GM1-3 |
Rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus 37 |
| Gangliosides GD1a, GT1b, GQ1b |
Sendai virus |
| Glycolipid Gb4 |
Human B19 parvovirus |
| Heparin |
Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue, adenovirus 2 and 5,
human herpesvirus 7 and 8, adeno-associated virus 2, hepatitis C |
* In vivo protection also.
** Used with Streptococcus thermophilus. Lactobacillus casei GG
has also been used alone.
*** Only bovine so far, but human is normally identical.
- Cytomegalovirus growth in vitro can be enhanced by the milk factors prostaglandins E1 or E2 or F2-alpha, sialyllactose or interleukin-8.
- Rotavirus growth can be activated in vitro by fatty acids (C10, C16).
- HIV growth in vitro can be enhanced by (pro)cathepsin D.
Prostaglandin E2 or transforming growth factor β can either enhance or
inhibit HIV depending on cell types infected.
- Antibodies to CCR5 or
lewisX sugar motif in milk can bind to HIV receptors.
- HTLV-1 growth and cell infection can be enhanced by prostaglandin E2 or growth increased by lactoferrin
or transforming growth factor-beta.
Based on a table from the Proceedings of Breast Milk and Special Care
Nurseries: Problems and Opportunities Conference. August 1995. Melbourne. Copyright J.T. May and
Australian Lactation Consultants Association (ACLA) - Victorian Branch, 1995.
NB: A bibliography for this table is currently available.
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