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Molecular Virology: Tables of Antimicrobial Factors and
Microbial Contaminants in Human Milk
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| Contaminant | Number of Outbreaks |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | |
| Clostridium botulinum ** | one infection? (UK, 2001) |
| Enterobacter sakazakii | several (various countries) |
| Salmonella agona | one (France, 2005) |
| Salmonella anatum | one (UK / Europe, 1996) |
| Salmonella bredeney | two (Australia, 1977; France / UK, 1988) |
| Salmonella ealing | one (UK, 1985) |
| Salmonella kedougou | one (Spain, 2008) |
| Salmonella london | one (Korea, 2000) |
| Salmonella tennessee | one (USA / Canada, 1993) |
| Salmonella virchow | one (Spain, 1994) |
* Not contaminated during preparation for use
** Present in opened container, strain variation in unopened container
** Present in opened container, strain variation in unopened container
- Other milk powders have been a source of infection in infants and adults, with different Salmonella or Staphylococcus.
- Milk powder added to bottles for infants became a source of one Bacillus cereus outbreak.
- It has been suggested that the high levels of galactomannan in cow's milk formula may be able to be detected in infants sera leading to false positives for invasive aspergillosis.
- US FDA bacterial compliance in formula. Formula meeting FAO food code may not meet some countries' food laws (which can be <1 coliform/gram in all tests).
Copyright J.T. May, 2007.
Table 6a: Contaminants in infant formula that caused infections in hospitals
| Contaminant | Number of Outbreaks |
|---|---|
| Citrobacter freundii | one |
| Enterobacter sakazakii*** and Leuconostoc mesenteroides*** |
one |
| Enterobacter sakazakii **** | several |
| Escherichia coli | one |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | one |
| Salmonella isangi | one |
| Salmonella saintpaul | one |
| Serratia marcescens | one |
**** The latest recall was in 2004. Notes on care with preparation of formula.
Other bacterial contamination has been traced to milk kitchen sources.
Copyright J.T. May, 2004.
NB: A bibliography for these tables is currently available.
Content Approved by: John T. May
Page maintained by: Craig Lighton
Last Updated: 6 August, 2009
Related Links
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Table 2 |
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Table 3 |
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Table 4 |
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Table 5 |
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Table 6 |
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Bibliography |
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Table 7 |
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Milk in the News |
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