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Molecular Virology: Tables of Antimicrobial Factors and
Microbial Contaminants in Human Milk
Table 6: Contaminants in infant formula that caused
infections *
| Contaminant |
Number of Outbreaks |
| Bacteria |
| Clostridium botulinum ** |
one infection? (UK, 2001) |
| Enterobacter sakazakii |
several (various countries) |
| Salmonella agona |
one (France, 2005) |
| Salmonella anatum |
one (UK / Europe, 1996) |
| Salmonella bredeney |
two (Australia, 1977; France / UK, 1988) |
| Salmonella ealing |
one (UK, 1985) |
| Salmonella kedougou |
one (Spain, 2008) |
| Salmonella london |
one (Korea, 2000) |
| Salmonella tennessee |
one (USA / Canada, 1993) |
| Salmonella virchow |
one (Spain, 1994) |
- Other milk powders have been a source of infection in infants and adults,
with different Salmonella or Staphylococcus.
- Milk powder added to bottles for infants became a source of one Bacillus cereus outbreak.
- It has been suggested that the high levels of galactomannan in cow's milk
formula may be able to be detected in infants sera leading to false
positives for invasive aspergillosis.
- US FDA bacterial
compliance in formula. Formula meeting FAO food code may not meet some
countries' food laws (which can be <1 coliform/gram in all tests).
Copyright J.T. May, 2007.
Table 6a: Contaminants in infant formula that caused infections in hospitals
NB: A bibliography for these tables is currently available.
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