"Plagiarism exists when one copies or reproduces someone else’s work or ideas and then presents them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement. It is a form of cheating and will be treated accordingly." (From the La Trobe University Policy on Plagiarism)
One of the difficulties associated with using other people's ideas is the issue of plagiarism. Academic staff don't always agree on what constitutes plagiarism. However there are some practices which most academics agree are clearly unacceptable in Australian academic culture.
These practices include:
- not clearly acknowledging the sources of where you got your information - not using in-text references or footnotes, not including a reference list / bibliography
- using somebody else's words and pretending they are your own. The words might come from a published source (website, book, journal, etc) or they might come from another student's work
- copying sections of text without using quotation marks or otherwise indicating they are direct quotes
- paraphrasing sections of text but only making minimal changes (e.g. by using 1 or 2 synonyms)
- In some assignments it may be enough to use your own experiences, impression and responses. However for most of the writing you'll do at university you'll need to use the ideas, writings, and research of other people. This involves finding relevant materials, evaluating the ideas, and acknowledging the sources of this information (Acknowledging is also known as referencing, documenting, or citing other people's work).
Why should you use references?
You should use references to acknowledge other people's words and ideas so that you can show:
- where you obtained the information
- you have read widely
- that you recognise another person's efforts
This may be different from the customs or accepted ways of using other people's work in universities in other countries and cultures. Therefore you need to be aware that most western universities are very strict about this and failure to reference your work can result in failure of the assignment or subject, or even expulsion from the university.
Because of the gravity of the act of plagiarism, software has been developed to detect instances of possible plagiarism (La Trobe uses such software).
Further reading:
La Trobe University Library's very useful webpage about citation and plagiarism
See MHA page on plagiarism.
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抄袭是直接拷贝或在他人的成果或理论之上作推演，而后未经他人认可而转而申称是他们自己的成果。这是一种欺骗行为会被追究责任。（拉筹伯大学关于抄袭的政策）
使用其他人的理论是一种相对难界定的抄袭。学术界在界定是否抄袭问题上有不同的角度，但是在绝大多数情况下，在澳大利亚学术环境里以下的行为一致被确定为抄袭。
包括
- 没有清晰的承认你在那里得到的信息，这些引用没有在文本注释，页角注释，也没有在引用文章名列里出现。
- 使用其他人的语言，当作是你自己的，这些语言可能来自于不同的渠道，如互联网，书籍，杂志等等或有些直接来自于其他学生的成果。
- 拷贝文章的一部分，未使用引用标记或其他能够显示这些语言是直接引用的符号。
- 转换被引用的文章段落，行文仅仅作了小的变化。
- 在一般写作文章时，你可以加入了你自己的经验，理念和理解 ，但在大学论文写作的大部分时间里，你必须使用一些别人的成果和理论，
- 这就必须找到相应的材料，评价这些信息的出处。(承认这些材料来自于引用别人的文章或理论)
为什么要使用参考文献？
你应该使用参考文献承认其他人的理论和文章，你必须注明
- 你从哪里得到的信息
- 你已经广泛阅读
- 你承认其他人的努力。
这也许与在其它国家与文化中对于使用其他人理论是否被接受的所持的观点不同，因此你必须小心和了解的是西方的大学对此非常严格，如果没有找到你参考的出处，你可能会因此失去成绩，甚至由可能被逐出大学。
拉筹伯大学有此类监控、找出文章抄袭的软件。
你可以进一步阅读
拉筹伯大学图书馆 非常有价值的网页
请看关于卫生管理硕士中对于抄袭的内容
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